May 15, 2014 chest radiographs in pulmonary tuberculosis introduction etiology epidemiology pathophysiology clinical features diagnosis treatment pathogenesis of tuberculosis a. Pneumonia umumnya bisa diterapi dengan baik tanpa menimbulkan komplikasi. Newer definitions have to consider worsening of oxygenation, in addition to purulent respiratory secretions, chestx rays opacities, and biomarkers of inflammation. It is often characterized as including inflammation of the parenchyma of the lung that is, the alveoli and abn ormal alveolar filling with fluid consolidation and exudation community acquired pneumonia definition. Pneumonia is a lung condition wherein the parenchyma of the lung becomes inflamed.
Diagnosis abgs provide the best clues as to acuteness and severity of disease exacerbation patients with mild copd have mild to moderate. Normal lung function of the lung gas exchange protection against infection by alveolar macrophages surfactant. Intense study for more than 100 years has yielded an understanding of fundamental aspects of its physiology, pathogenesis, and immunity. Author joseph p mizgerd 1 affiliation 1 pulmonary center, boston university school of medicine.
Until more information is available on the epidemiology and pathogenesis of covid19, soho safety authorities in. Aug 17, 2020 pneumonia is when the lung parenchyma become inflamed by several microorganisms. Jul 07, 2010 pneumonia pathogenesis of clinical features. Treatment and prognosis of organizing pneumonia pathogenesis of organizing pneumonia conclusion and research perspectives references abstract cryptogenic organizing pneumonia cop or bronchiolitis obliterans with organizing pneumonia boop is an inflammatory lung disease with distinctive clinical, radiological and pathological features. Rao md pneumonia definition pneumonia is an abnormal inflammat ory condition of the lung. Aspiration of secretions from the airway is the main source of infection for vap in mechanicallyventilated mv patients, and infection develops when bacteria overwhelms the hosts defences. Finally, incidental and less frequent causes of bovine pneumonia include embolic, verminous, and aspiration pneumonias. Bacterial pneumonia in persons infected with the human. Consequently, they may overwhelm the macrophages, resulting in production of a fibrinrich exudate that fills the infected and neighbouring alveolar spaces, causing. Pneumonia has been defined as an infection of the lung parenchyma. The inflammation could occur due to a bacterial, viral, or fungal infection. The lungs are also invaded by bacteria and few neutrophils.
Viral pneumonia may put a person at risk for bacterial pneumonia. This article focuses on pathogenesis and pathologic characteristics of selected types of bovine pneumonia with emphasis on gross pathologic changes. This type of pneumonia is a common complication of chronic cardiopulmonary disease e. Tb tumors cancer 8 pneumonia pathogenesis of pulmonary infections. The pathogenesis of ventilatorassociated pneumonia. Flaring of the nasal alae and cyanosis occurred later. Pathophysiology histology of the lung respiratory epithelium connective tissue fibers, and cartilage. Alveolar bronchopneumonia streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenza, staphylococcus aureus lobar streptococcus pneumoniae interstitial influenza virus, mycoplasma pneumoniae pathogenesis inhalation of air droplets aspiration of infected secretions or objects hematogenous spread. State cause, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of each condition. The pathogenesis of pneumococcal infection is a complex interplay between pneumo coccal virulence determinants and the host immune response. However, care should be exercised in diagnosing pneumonia caused by legionella pneumoniae as hap if the patient develops it. In humans, pcp is a serious and potentially lifethreatening infection occurring in immunocompromised individuals, particularly those who have aids, or following immune suppression from malignancy, organ transplantation, or therapies for inflammatory diseases. Etiology varies with age group and comorbidities bacterial c omu n ity,nr sg he v pal acquired viral. Hospital acquired pneumonia pneumonia medicine scribd.
Pada awal 2020, dunia dikejutkan dengan mewabahnya pneumonia baru yang bermula dari wuhan. Recommended articles cannot be displayed at this time. Pneumocystis pneumonia pcp is an infection of the lungs caused by the opportunistic fungal genus pneumocystis. Hospitalacquired pneumonia hap is pneumonia that occurs more than 48 hours after admission1 and without any antecedent signs of infection at the. Pneumococcus remains the most common cause of communityacquired pneumonia worldwide. Gunn department of pathology, northwestern university medical school pathogenesis of pneumonia a rich new fund of information has been acquired during the past two decades in the field of inflammatory reactions in the lung, yet considerably more work must be done before effective. Pathophysiology of pneumonia nursing school notes the. Pneumonia free download as powerpoint presentation. The direct extension of infection to the lung from contiguous areas, such as the pleural or subdiaphragmatic spaces, is rare. In 80 patients with pneumocystis pneumonitis, the intial signs and symptoms of infection were usually fever and cough, followed by tachypnea and coryza. Early symptoms are the same as bacterial pneumonia, which may be followed by increasing breathlessness, headache, muscle pain, weakness and a worsening cough.
Pathophysiology of pneumonia any infectious organisms that reach the alveoli are likely to be highly virulent, as they have already evaded the hosts physical defense mechanisms. Akan tetapi, beberapa pasien, khususnya kelompok pasien risiko tinggi, mungkin mengalami beberapa komplikasi seperti bakteremia. Pneumonia pathophysiology pneumonia infection scribd. Pathophysiology of pneumonia respiratory tract disorders. Pathophysiology is the study of the disturbance of normal mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions, either caused by a disease, or resulting from a disease or abnormal. Consolidation is exudative solidification of lung parenchyma that occurs in bacterial invasion of the lung.
Streptococcus pneumoniae is well adapted to people, and is a. These can range from bacteria, mycobacteria, fungi, or viruses. Diagnosis pneumonia kominiti didasarkan kepada riwayat penyakit yang lengkap, pemeriksaan fisik yang teliti dan pemeriksaan penunjang. Highrisk groups include older adults and people with a chronic illness or compromised immune system. Bacterial the most common cause of pneumonia viral pneumonia fungal pneumonia chemical pneumonia ingestion of kerosene or inhalation of irritating substance inhalation pneumonia aspiration pneumonia. This video discusses the pathogenesis of bacterial pneumonia. The medical burden of diseases it causes is amongst the greatest in the world. Etiology although most cases of pneumonia are caused by. Community acquired pneumonia infectious disease and. Pneumonia mycoplasma pneumoniae diseasepathogenesis for. Communityacquired pneumonia health careassociated pneumonia hospitalacquired pneumonia ventilatorassociated pneumonia aspiration pneumonia pathophysiology of pneumonia typically, the upper airway acts like a. The patients age is the main differentiating factor between typical and atypical pneumonia. Oct 07, 2018 07 oct 2018 pathophysiology of pneumonia pdf pneumonia is a lung infection involving the lung alveoli air sacs and can be caused by microbes pathophysiology, causes.
Bilateral advanced pulmonary tuberculosis and cavitation in apical area of right lung a bc 32. The clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of pneumonia in children are discussed separately, as is pneumonia in neonates pneumonia. The pathogenic mechanism that produces pneumonia seems to be. Airway colonization, ventilatorassociated tracheobronchitis vat, and hospitalacquired hap and ventilatorassociated pneumonia vap are three manifestations having the presence of microorganisms in airways in common. Gunn department of pathology, northwestern university medical school pathogenesis of pneumonia a rich new fund of information has been acquired during the past two decades in the field of inflammatory reactions in the lung, yet considerably more work must be done before effective prophylactic control of. Pathophysiology of pneumonia free download as powerpoint presentation. Complications of pneumonia include pleural effusion, septic shock, pericarditis. Covid19 european centre for disease prevention and control. This healthhearty writeup provides information on the pathophysiology of pneumonia. This seemingly innocuous state of colonisation is a dynamic and competitive process in which the pathogen attempts to engage the host, proliferate, and invade the lower airways. Pdf pathogenesis and pathology of bovine pneumonia hauer. Consolidation of the lung occurs in pneumonia what is consolidation. Lipsett, mdb, pneumonia is one of the most common nosocomial infections occurring in hospitalized patients.
E m ginsburg search for other works by this author on. Pathophysiology of pneumonia free download as word doc. Pathophysiology of the human immunodeficiency virus baylor. Pathophysiology acquisition of infection necrosis of respiratory epithelium. Atypical pneumonia usually is caused by the influenza virus, mycoplasma, chlamydia, legionella, adenovirus, or other unidentified microorganism. Patients with advanced hiv disease, or aids, can con tinue to develop new opportunistic infections, such as pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia formerly.
Pathogenesis impairment of host defense colonization of upper respiratory tract aspiration of oropharyngeal secretions pulmonary infection pneumonia. Pathogenesis, treatment, and prevention of pneumococcal pneumonia. Download as ppt, pdf, txt or read online from scribd. Signs, symptoms, and pathophysiology of pneumocystis. Reactivation of pathogens can take place in the setting of deficits of cellmediated. Communityacquired pneumonia causes large numbers of hospital admissions each year. Tachypnoea, dyspnoea, resp acidosis solidairless lungs decreased oxygenation. Hypoxaemia is a key element in pathogenesis, diagnosis, and prognosis of ventilatorassociated pneumonia vap. Streptococcus pneumoniae is well adapted to people, and is a frequent inhabitant of the upper airways in healthy hosts. Pdf molecular pathogenesis of pneumococcal pneumonia. The first stage of the disease occurs within 24 hours of infection and it is distinguished by vascular congestion and alveolar edema. The tech nique of testing for cold agglutinins varies a great deal with dif.
This pathophysiology lecture note will serve as a theoretical guideline for undergraduate nurse and other health sciences students. Inhalation of infectious particles is probably the most important pathogenetic mechanism in the development of communityacquired pneumonia, with particular importance of pneumonia caused by legionella species and m. Recognizing the patterns of pneumonic lesions and understanding the pathogenesis of the various types of pneumonia are important for correct diagnosis and interpretation of the lesions. The pneumococcus is the classic grampositive extracellular pathogen. Scribd is the worlds largest social reading and publishing site. Viral pneumonia this is caused by various viruses, including in. Differential diagnosis aspiration syndrome asthma pertussis bronchitis pneumonia.
Pathogenesis and pathology of bovine pneumonia a b, roger j. Pathogenesis of streptococcus pneumoniae lauren joy mcallister, bsc mol. Blood gas composition was markedly altered in its acidbase profile in most patients at admi. Cold agglutination tests are positive in a great majority of individuals suffering from primary atypical pneumonia.
Pneumonia pneumonia is an infection of the lower respiratory tract that. Pathophysiology of pneumonia pneumonia lung scribd. Rather than looking at it as a single disease, health care professionals must remember that pneumonia is an umbrella term for a group of syndromes caused by a variety of organisms resulting in varied manifestations and sequelae. Pneumonia is a pulmonary infection that is characterized by the inflammation of the lung parenchyma. Although the incidence varies greatly in different geographic and socioeconomic settings, in the united states it has been found to cause 1015 cases per 100,000 population annually, predominating in the very young and the elderly. The past two decades have witnessed an explosion of data on the molecular pathogenesis of pneumonia caused by streptococcus pneumoniae, one of the most important pathogens currently plaguing man. Jul 04, 2020 the pathophysiology of pneumonia is characterized by four stages. Jun 24, 2020 bronchopneumonia pathophysiology pdf clin chest med. Explore professional development books with scribd. Pneumonia caused by streptococcus pneumoniae remains the most common cause of all bacterial pneumonias.
Pathogenesis and treatment of lobar pneumonia e m ginsburg. Pneumonia is a common disease that becomes severe in a subset of patients, dependent on host biology including mechanisms of immune resistance and tissue resilience. Confer, dvm, phd keywords bronchopneumonia fibrinous pneumonia pleuropneumonia aspiration pneumonia caseonecrotic pneumonia interstitial pneumonia embolic pneumonia verminous pneumoniae despite availability and use of many bovine respiratory pathogen vaccines and new antimicrobial drugs as well as. Coronavirus disease covid19 is caused by sarscov2 and represents the causative agent of. Pneumonia is a major cause of death and economic losses to the cattle industry.
1639 475 1567 660 565 701 102 441 128 150 1324 397 39 764 862 785 1571 850 1465 396 69 1759 984